Why Are My Nails Separating? Understanding Onycholysis, Causes (Including Nail Polish), Treatments, and Prevention

Introduction: What is Onycholysis?

If you’ve noticed a white, yellow, or greenish patch where your nail plate is lifting away from the nail bed, you are likely experiencing onycholysis—the technical term for nail separation.1 This common condition is not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying issue.2 It most often affects the toenails, but can occur on fingernails as well.

The separated area of the nail is prone to collecting debris and moisture, making it a perfect environment for secondary infections, such most commonly fungal (onychomycosis) or bacterial infections.3 Because the detached area exposes the delicate tissue underneath, it can be a source of discomfort and concern.

As foot care specialists, we know that understanding the root cause is the first step toward effective treatment and healthy, attached nails.

Section 1: The Primary Causes of Nail Separation

Onycholysis occurs when the connections between the nail plate and the nail bed are disrupted. The causes can generally be grouped into three categories: trauma, contact/chemical irritation, and systemic conditions.

1. Mechanical Trauma (Injury)

This is the single most common cause, especially in the toes:

• Repetitive Impact: Wearing shoes that are too tight, too short, or have a narrow toe box can cause continuous minor trauma to the nail, especially during activities like running or hiking.

• Physical Injury: A stubbed toe, dropping an object on the nail, or aggressive cleaning under the nail can all cause the plate to lift.

• Improper Nail Trimming: Cutting the nails too short or tearing them can create an entry point for separation.

2. Chemical and Contact Irritation (The Nail Polish Connection)

Many popular nail products can irritate the underlying skin and trigger an inflammatory reaction, leading to separation:4

• Allergic Contact Dermatitis: This is a key reason nail polish, hardeners, and adhesives can cause onycholysis.5 Ingredients like toluene, formaldehyde, and certain acrylates (especially in gel and acrylic nail systems) can cause a sensitivity reaction in the nail bed.6 The inflammation from this allergic response causes the nail to push away from the skin.

• Harsh Removers: Acetone and non-acetone removers, when used frequently or aggressively, can dry out the nail bed and strip its protective oils, leading to chronic irritation and separation.7

• Overuse of Products: Keeping gel or acrylic overlays on for extended periods can trap moisture and chemicals against the nail bed, exacerbating irritation.

3. Systemic and Medical Conditions

Sometimes, onycholysis is a symptom of a broader health issue:

• Fungal Infection (Onychomycosis): Often, the separation starts due to trauma, but a fungal infection moves in secondarily, worsening the condition and changing the nail's color and texture.8

• Psoriasis and Eczema: These skin conditions can affect the nail matrix and nail bed, causing inflammation that leads to lifting.9

• Thyroid Disease: Both an overactive (hyperthyroidism) and underactive (hypothyroidism) thyroid can sometimes be linked to onycholysis.

• Medication Reactions: Certain antibiotics (like tetracyclines) can cause photosensitive onycholysis, where the nail separates after sun exposure.

Section 2: Effective Treatment Strategies

The first step in treating onycholysis is identifying and removing the inciting factor. [Click here to search for professional onycholysis treatment information and protocols.]

StepActionReasoning1. Trim the Affected NailHave a foot care professional (like an RN or Podiatrist) trim the separated portion back to where it is fully attached. Do not attempt to scrape or clean under the detached nail.This prevents the detached section from acting as a lever, causing more trauma. It also removes the dark, moist space where fungus and bacteria thrive.2. Keep it Dry & CleanWear open-toed shoes when possible. Dry your feet and nails immediately after bathing or swimming.Moisture is the primary enemy of healing onycholysis. It promotes secondary infections.3. Take a “Nail Holiday”Stop using all nail polishes, gel manicures, acrylics, and harsh removers immediately.If contact dermatitis is the cause, removing the allergen is the only way for the nail bed to recover. This allows the nail to regrow without chemical irritation.4. Treat Secondary InfectionIf a fungal or bacterial infection is present, the condition will not resolve until the infection is treated. Consult a specialist for diagnosis and appropriate topical or oral medication.Onychomycosis (nail fungus) requires specific treatment to eliminate the infectious agent. [Search for over-the-counter and prescription antifungal treatments for nail infections.]

Section 3: How to Avoid Onycholysis and Maintain Healthy Nails

Prevention focuses on protecting the nail from both mechanical stress and chemical exposure.10

1. Footwear and Protection

• Proper Fit is Key: Always wear shoes that provide ample space for your toes, especially for exercise. There should be a thumb’s width of space between your longest toe and the tip of the shoe.

• Avoid Aggressive Cleaning: Resist the urge to aggressively clean under the nail with sharp objects.11 This damages the delicate seal (the hyponychium) that holds the nail plate down.

2. Smart Nail Product Use

If you suspect your nail products are the culprit, adopt these changes:

• Use Hypoallergenic Polish: Opt for “5-free,” “7-free,” or “10-free” nail polishes, which exclude common allergens like formaldehyde, DBP, and toluene. [Find and compare hypoallergenic, breathable nail polish brands.]

• Limit Gel/Acrylic Use: Give your nails regular breaks (a "nail holiday") of at least 1-2 months between long-term applications. When removing, ensure the products are soaked off gently, not scraped or peeled.

• Gentle Removers: Switch to a high-quality, non-acetone remover and use it sparingly.

3. General Nail Care

• Pat Dry: After showering or swimming, pat your feet and nails dry rather than rubbing them vigorously.

• Routine Inspection: Pay attention to the color and texture of your nails. Early detection of lifting makes treatment much easier.

Conclusion

Onycholysis is a frustrating but manageable condition. By removing the cause—whether it’s ill-fitting footwear, an irritating chemical in your nail polish, or a secondary infection—you give your nail bed the chance it needs to heal.

If you are dealing with persistent nail separation, discolored nails, or pain, don't wait. Consult with a qualified foot care specialist. The Registered Nurses at rnscrubfootcare.com are experts in assessing, trimming, and consulting about nail conditions, ensuring you get back on the path to comfortable, healthy feet.